The Dairy Farm Group

Question: compose an exposition on The Dairy Farm Group. Answer: An organization winds up covered in questions and quandaries with respect to basic choices made. The Dairy Farm Group, which is a marked Hong Kong based food retailer. The organization attempts certain exercises as per the crucial targets of the organization. The organization has experienced certain weaknesses in the operational exercises and system. It ends up in an entangled circumstance in regards to business choices. The report reveals insight into the business choices made by the organization and the fundamental proposals, which are required to conquer the provisos in the choices. Assessment of the choices taken by the organization Authoritative Strategy The Dairy Farm Group had the crucial gotten one of the main food retail organizations and so as to accomplish that the organization received the business system of addressing client needs and consumer loyalty. The arrangement of legitimization and end of non-center tasks drove the organization to seek after development strategy and build up itself as a main organization in the focused on showcase. The fiscal report of the organization delineates an ascent in the overall revenue of the organization from 1993 to 1997. The turnover of the organization has likewise expanded in the money related years. The methodology of the organization permitted the organization to defeat the dangers and shortcoming existing in the organization. It permitted the organization to use the assets and extend its assets the accounting report of the organization portrays the sound satisfy of undertaking of the matter of the organization. The authoritative procedure permitted the organization to expand the client base and piece of the overall industry with the capitalization system. It put the organization build up an upper hand (Hadar et al. 2016). Partner and partner the board Dairy Farm Group developed activities to suit their business system and prospect. The choices taken during the venture experienced weaknesses in the data framework, where there were absences of data accessible to work force. These introduced issues gave the organization basic issues, which made the administration unfit to take adequate activities to give healing arrangements. The partners were discontent with the administration of the organization and the failure to give guidance to the organization to accomplish its crucial destinations. The organization confronted the danger of decrease in deals because of the Asian Crisis. The developing rivalry looked by the organization from rivals compromised the activity and productivity level of the organization. Along these lines, it could be seen that the organization were confronting weaknesses in partners the executives (Buschle et al. 2016). The administration needs to distinguish the necessities and prerequisites of partners, which it can use in arranging hierarchical methodology and authoritative interchanges. It needs to build up the data framework and wipe out deformities in the data framework that can ruin the operational movement of the organization. Change the executives would be helpful for this situation. The improvement of better administrative methodologies and advancement of web based business and innovation would profit the organization (Niu et al. 2014). Authoritative structure and plan The association followed a combined style. It prompted the free working of various gained littler associations. It caused absence of the executives control for the organization and there were no immediate control. The unified style of association prompted wastage of assets and HR, particularly in the bookkeeping area. It prompted duplication of benefits and uncalled for portrayal of advantages. In one of the segment, the transportation cost additionally rose prompting low benefit (Cao et al. 2013). Undertaking Management The organization choices with respect to the data framework gave prevention to the organization, regarding the board control. The administration was inadequate with regards to data in regards to the board choices. The store framework was deficient to catch total data about information, which incapacitated the organization in meeting the objectives of consumer loyalty. The administration data framework experienced significant weaknesses, which ate up the organization from basic data in the executives control. This prompted a decay of the exhibition of the venture of the organization and therefore prompted fall in the business procedures of the organization. It likewise expanded disappointment among partners of the organization. Improving the data framework and the administration data framework was the key for improving the administration control of the organization. Improving the innovative state and actuating electronic trade and business would profit the organization. This could permit the administration to have better control and wide cluster of data for dynamic (Mir et al. 2014). Data System The data framework was planned explicitly to meet the prerequisite of specific business work. Because of the development strategy of the organization, the expanded business activities expanded the upkeep use on the data framework. As per the store arrangement of Dairy Farm Group, the data framework couldn't catch all the subtleties of the exchanges of the clients. This significantly hampered the data framework. The data framework couldn't effective give contribution on information on the client, this prompted the powerlessness of the organization to shape total thought regarding client. The data framework additionally ended up being lacking from the perspective of giving family member and data with respect to the executives choices. Because of such escape clauses the executives couldn't take basic choices and the absence of data likewise gave obstacles in distinguishing the grounds of deviations like absence of data in regards to deals (Cao et al. 2013). There are sure cures accessible for such weaknesses. Improvement of data arrangement of the administration could be conceivable with right arrangements in regards to innovation and data framework. Improvement of web based business was an essential ground to concentrate on to grow better data framework. Web based retailing was basic in building up the data framework and correspondence framework could profit the data arrangement of the organization. Electronic store and electronic dissemination place could be useful to the organization (Sullivan et al. 2014). Right information and improvement of innovation was indispensable. There ought to be assessment of subjective and quantitative data accessible to the administration. Openings Conquering the provisos in the data framework and improvement of web administration and internet browsers could be gainful to the organization. Empowering better system framework and advancement of internet business would make the administration progressively strong in dealing with the executives related issues and encourage in attempted powerful choices. It would give better chances to information sharing and create available data framework and furthermore decrease upkeep overhead (Wang et al. 2013). End On finishing up the report, it tends to be seen that the organization faces significant inadequacy in the data framework. The data framework appears to be inept to coordinate the developing necessities and business techniques of the organization. Absence of key data had considered the administration unequipped for taking business choices and furthermore made disappointment among partners. The nonattendance of significant data prompted strategic mistakes prompting high use and drop in gainfulness. Reference List Buschle, M., Johnson, P. what's more, Shahzad, K., 2013. The undertaking engineering examination toolsupport for the prescient, probabilistic design displaying system. In19th Americas Conference on Information Systems, AMCIS 2013; Chicago, IL; United States; 15 August 2013 through 17 August 2013(pp. 3350-3364). Relationship for Information Systems. Cao, J., Gao, H., Li, L.E. what's more, Friedman, B., 2013, April. Undertaking informal community examination and demonstrating: A story of two diagrams. InINFOCOM, 2013 Proceedings IEEE(pp. 2382-2390). IEEE. Hadar, E., Hadar, I. what's more, Davis, J., Ca, Inc., 2016.Solution displaying and examination toolset for big business programming engineering and skeleton design. U.S. Patent 9,244,655. Khajehà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Hosseini, A., Greenwood, D., Smith, J.W. what's more, Sommerville, I., 2012. The cloud reception toolbox: supporting cloud selection choices in the enterprise.Software: Practice and Experience,42(4), pp.447-465. Mir, T.M., Revuru, A.K.V., Manohar, D.J. what's more, Batta, V., 2012.Threat investigation and demonstrating during a product improvement lifecycle of a product application. U.S. Patent 8,091,065. Niu, N., Da Xu, L., Cheng, J.R.C. what's more, Niu, Z., 2014. Investigation of structurally critical necessities for big business systems.Systems Journal, IEEE,8(3), pp.850-857. Sullivan, B.L., Aycrigg, J.L., Barry, J.H., Bonney, R.E., Bruns, N., Cooper, C.B., Damoulas, T., Dhondt, A.A., Dietterich, T., Farnsworth, A. what's more, Fink, D., 2014. The eBird endeavor: an incorporated way to deal with advancement and utilization of resident science.Biological Conservation,169, pp.31-40. Wang, Y., Li, J., Meng, K., Lin, C. what's more, Cheng, X., 2013. Displaying and security examination of big business arrange utilizing attackdefense stochastic game Petri nets.Security and Communication Networks,6(1), pp.89-99.

The lovely Bones Free Essays

The setting of the novel gives us that the most noticeably awful things can happen when we wouldn't dare hoping anymore to the individuals who least merit It. The writer Alice Sobbed’ deliberately composed the setting the manner in which It Is to assist perusers with understanding that they ought to consistently be cautious about whom they trust and to show that catastrophes Like these do and happened. Plot The storyline of this book is based around the battle for family and specifically the eagerness to relinquish the past and live inside the present. We will compose a custom article test on The beautiful Bones or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now We follow a little youngsters terrible story and we watch her as she battles to leave earth and appreciate paradise. This young ladies name was Susie Salmon; she was fourteen years of age when she was killed on December sixth 1973, We follow her Journey as well as her implies’ as the two of them attempt to adapt and deal with this astonishing situation. We discover that we ought not exploit what you have and to be appreciative for what we as of now have. At the honest age of fourteen Susie Salmon was baited into a shrouded underground room by her neighbor Mr.. Harvey. Susie was assaulted and slaughtered by this wiped out man who was shockingly a confided in individual all through the network. He had a psychological illness and had executed numerous different young ladies before Susie. The most youthful being just six years of age. We watch as Useless family self-destructs and furthermore figure out how much love a dad can have for his little girl. This is clear, as her father never relinquishes his lovely little girls memory we witness his assurance to settle Issue’s soul as he keeps on looking and uncover her executioner. Mr.. Harvey never gets captured in spite of the fact that he passes on because of karma, which is the thing that the creator ‘Alice Sobbed’ contributions to depict toward the finish of this novel. In spite of the fact that the most Important exercise demonstrated Is that It Is so difficult to relinquish a real existence that was unreasonably removed, by a man who doesn't have the right to have one. Characters Susie Salmon Susie was a fun and splendid young lady who cherished two things her photography and her family. Despite the fact that this all changed on December sixth 1973 when she was beaten, assaulted and killed in the cornfields by Mr.. Harvey her neighbor. She used to be brimming with affection and amazingly lively. Albeit after this awful experience which put her life to a sudden and amazingly early stop her entire character changes. She battles to acknowledge the way that she can no longer proceed with the existence she once had. Susie thinks that its extremely hard to with the exception of the way that Mr.. Harvey can proceed through life and she needs to watch her loves ones endure. She gives her disappointment created sending messages to her dad who is in frantic pursuit of his daughters executioner. In spite of the fact that she before long discovers that everything occurs for an explanation and life will Mr.. Harvey Mr.. Harvey is a thirty multi year elderly person who is liable for both the assault and murder of youthful Susie Salmon. He is a significant albeit insidious character careful this horrible in spite of the fact that educational novel. As Susie is among earth and paradise she looks out for her friends and family. By decision she infrequently looks out for Mr.. Harvey yet the main time she appears to see him is the point at which he is pondering re or drawing near to her family. All through this novel we start to re-live Mr.. Harvey’s youth we discover that he had a mother who showed him how to take and an oppressive dad who didn't have a legitimate Job like the various youngsters. His life was a long way from great and once he saw that The Salmons had a real existence he generally longed for having. He wanted to demolish it and decimate something that he never had the benefit of having. With everything taken into account Mr.. Harvey was persuaded by Jealousy as he accepted that a youthful guiltless young lady who had as long as she can remember in front of her didn't merit the reveille of having a caring family. So as opposed to improving his own life he chose to wreck somebody else’s. Subjects There are a different measure of topics related with this specific novel, for example, the battle for family and above all adoration. In this tragic novel we are demonstrated the unique and inverse kinds of families. The salmon family are adoring, strong and cheerful despite the fact that Mr.. Harvey lives alone and had an extreme and disliked childhood. Mr.. Harvey thinks that its difficult to accept that despite the fact that the salmons have lost a much-adored individual from the family, hello despite everything figure out how to traverse and keep the bond they all mutual with or without Susie. The epic depends vigorously upon the Salmon family modifying their once ideal lives after the horrendous homicide of both a little girl and sister. As we proceed through the novel we see immense measures of affection through both loved ones. Issue’s younger sibling Lindsey starts to begin to look all starry eyed at a little fellow called Samuel. As Susie looks out for her younger sibling growing up she can't resist the opportunity to be desirous of her, since she was always unable to experience such emotions. In spite of the fact that we o not just watch love bloom sadly we likewise observe previous loves come disintegrating down. As you would expect the strain of losing a friend or family member can either make connections more grounded or more fragile. Sadly Issue’s guardians couldn't adapt, her mum left for a year to go work in a winery and manage her torment alone and voluntarily. In spite of the fact that toward the end she returns and Issue’s guardians begin to look all starry eyed at all over once more. Author’s Techniques The time period has deliberately been set through 1973 to 1981 on the grounds that back in this specific day and age murder and additionally assault was new and as a rule an incredible wrongdoing. It could likewise be the way that we didn't have the assets we required in those days to get executioners and attackers as there was no DNA testing during this time in our history. The writer ‘Alice Sobbed’ has set the book in this time on the grounds that the passing of this youthful grown-up overwhelmed numerous and it was shameful yet additionally basic that Mr.. Harvey was never gotten and sentenced. Albeit one specific utilization of imagery stood apart the most. Mr.. Harvey kept the wristband youthful Susie wore the night she was killed. The creator utilizes the arm band to imagery Susie Salmon and the way that despite the fact that she can't be seen or eared she is still there, watching and missing all that she couldn't involvement with life. Assessment The tale ‘The stunning bones’ is an astonishing story of a little youngsters unreasonably abbreviated life. We see proof of imagery, perspective and numerous different methods utilized by the creator. It gives us that family is as a rule are the individuals you can trust the most. Susie had quite a lot more living to do; which permits the novel to cause you baffled despite the fact that it likewise causes perusers to feel grateful for the chances and life they are lucky enough to have. Step by step instructions to refer to The exquisite Bones, Papers

Astra Planeta Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Astra Planeta - Assignment Example Sparkle 5 is an appropriate name for this organization in light of the fact that the principal thing that rings a bell of most Europeans and Americans when they hear the word â€Å"Twinkle† is â€Å"star†. Since the name must be associated with â€Å"Five Stars†, â€Å"Twinkle 5† is a name that shares the topic just as number. Sparkle 5 is likewise reasonable in light of the fact that it will be the primary bike and e-bike organization in Europe and America that will be called Twinkle 5, so the name loans the organization a novel character. A significant part of Twinkle 5 is that it conveys the topics of orderliness, tidiness, neatness, and flawlessness. Shimmer is the word utilized for sparkling and glimmering. It is normally utilized in the toothpaste advertisements. Shimmer shares the subject of sparkling and gleaming with the â€Å"Five Stars.† Sparkle is an extremely straightforward yet modern name that never leaves pattern. In addition, there is no bike and e-bike organization named Sparkle in Europe or America. To hear the name Sparkle, a bike or e-bike isn't the principal thing that rings a bell; however then this organization is about is advancement, innovativeness, and dramatization. Regardless of whether not in fact, the name lends a sentiment of neatness and orderliness that is the epitome of this work. The name Tri-Prism is the short type of Triangular Prism. â€Å"Tri-Prism† is an appropriate name for this organization on the grounds that a triangular crystal has five faces through which light passes and refracts or reflects. This shares a considerable amount for all intents and purpose with â€Å"Five Stars† both as far as number and as far as capacity. Stars likewise fill in as a wellspring of light. Tri-Prism is an extravagant name inconceivable in the bike and e-bike industry as the name of a shop before in Europe or America. It is anything but difficult to articulate but then, its uniqueness leaves a follow on the psyche of the audience. â€Å"Shine at Prime† is an altogether different name and has a topic to impart to â€Å"Five Stars.† Prime is likewise associated with the word â€Å"primary† which in scholastic terms is deciphered as â€Å"five†. Sparkling is an element of stars. So consolidated, sparkle at prime identifies with â€Å"Five Stars† as well as produces a delightful message to the clients.

News Analysis Free Essays

This article via Caren Bohan is entitled â€Å"Clinton, Obama plan for the fight to come in Wisconsin.† The newsworthiness of the piece has been dictated by the way that it quickly concerns the American individuals. It likewise includes proximate issues that have to do with the up-coming presidential races and is worried about the determination of the two people who will compete for the administration later in this year. We will compose a custom exposition test on News Analysis or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now The contention level of the circumstance is high. Hilary Clinton, who had been in the number one spot for the popularity based appointment, has now lost that lead as Obama has as of late won in eight states in succession (Bohan 2008). The story, found on a Canadian site (Canada.com) is put on the planet news segment as a high-need story. This has been dictated by the way that as a nearby neighbor who shares an outskirt, the political news that exceptionally concerns United States residents is additionally of extraordinary worry to the perusers of this news site. The feature is clear and to the point, portraying absolutely the following stage in the fight between the two applicants. The picture of Barack Obama is found inside the article, and is all around set at the top. Another picture, one of Hilary Clinton, is likewise promptly open by tapping on joins related with â€Å"more pictures† (Bohan, 2008). The candidates’ business in Wisconsin is given in detail, however just Hilary Clinton is carefully cited in the article, as it was shown that Obama attempted to maintain a strategic distance from the press. Notwithstanding, citations are given concerning Obama’s business as recognized by his representative Bill Burton. The general effect of the story is that Obama’s notoriety in the United States is reinforcing, leaving Hilary Clinton feeling compromised. The correspondents allude to her firmly engaging for the assistance of a portion of her supporters, and infer that her announcement â€Å"I’m feeling great today† speaks to a disguise of her nervousness. Since this vote based race speaks to a significant political occasion, it very well may be seen that care is taken to give inside and out examination of the candidates’ positions and what that may mean for their possibilities. The story likewise had an eye to the future, with forecasts made (or recommended) about up-coming and related political occasions. This shows the effect that the result of this significant political occasion is probably going to have on the fate of America. Reference Bohan, Caren. â€Å"Clinton, Obama plan for the fight to come in Wisconsin.† Canada.com: where  â points of view interface. Canwest Publishing. Step by step instructions to refer to News Analysis, Essay models

Essay --

In Sophocles’ work, Oedipus the King, Oedipus unquestionably fits Aristotle’s significance of an unfortunate saint which is a man of good significance. He is definitely not a typical man, however a man with exceptional predominance and tremendousness about himself. His very own man ruins goes for a more noteworthy reason or guideline. Oedipus passes on numerous missteps. In the play Oedipus the King, things truly had taken an abandon decent to terrible. Utilizing Aristotle’s significance characterizes will be demonstrated that Oedipus is a 1main case of an awful saint Nobleness, Tragic blemish, and Hardship are largely attributes that Aristotle portrayed with regards to what a heartbreaking legend truly characterize as. These are additionally four highlights Oedipus demonstrates his prosperity of a disastrous saint. Oedipus’ honorability and resource is answerable for his first vital to progress as a deplorable saint. The idea of Oedipus ‘noble position as child of a ruler, procures him adoration from individuals of Thebes, yet the crowd moreover. The crowd must regard a grievous legend as somebody unrivaled and more control beneath themselves. In line 13 of Oedipus the King play, Oedipus states, â€Å"tell me, and never question me that I will help you inside and out I can†. By saying this he implies regardless of the stuff, he is eager to forfeit whatnot for his kin, the people of Thebes. A royal boldness is something he had and held it high over his head, so high over his head he made a penance to escape away from his own city. Oedipus ousted from the city to vanish the plague, so residents of Thebes wouldn’t hurt any more. He had taken things in his own issues. Oedipus felt he was an issue and things would possibly be correct on the off chance that it was he who le ft. Carrying out this incredible thing Oedipus shows that he is a long way from acting naturally in regards to and more like a pioneer. His ... ...g something terrible that he was told he would do and wound up doing it any. Disaster doesn't constantly mean demise. It’s simply something great turned sour. Oedipus is ideal for the announcement. He's a legend since he spares his old neighborhood from the sphinx and becomes lord. He's disastrous on the grounds that he executes his dad unexpectedly and weds (and has youngsters) with his mom. Oedipus understands that in the event that he had not effectively stayed away from the prophet so as to spare himself. Sooner or later grievous legends acknowledge there blemishes and figure out how to manage the circumstance as Oedipus had done. Oedipus was despondent in light of the fact that he was a decent individual with some unfortunate propensities and habituated to settling on terrible choices. He appalling saint of a catastrophe is a required component to mix disgrace and dread of the crowd to finish the passionate purgation. Sophocles character Oedipus the King is a demonstra ted clarification of a Tragic Hero. Paper - In Sophocles’ work, Oedipus the King, Oedipus certainly fits Aristotle’s significance of a disastrous saint which is a man of fair significance. He is anything but a typical man, yet a man with extraordinary predominance and tremendousness about himself. His very own man ruins goes for a more noteworthy reason or rule. Oedipus passes on numerous errors. In the play Oedipus the King, things truly had taken an abandon decent to awful. Utilizing Aristotle’s significance characterizes will be demonstrated that Oedipus is a 1main case of a heartbreaking legend Nobleness, Tragic blemish, and Hardship are on the whole attributes that Aristotle depicted with regards to what a lamentable saint truly characterize as. These are likewise four highlights Oedipus demonstrates his prosperity of a cataclysmic saint. Oedipus’ honorability and resource is answerable for his first key to progress as a sad legend. The idea of Oedipus ‘noble position as child of a ruler, gains him reverence from individuals of Thebes, yet the crowd moreover. The crowd must regard a grievous saint as somebody predominant and more control beneath themselves. In line 13 of Oedipus the King play, Oedipus states, â€Å"tell me, and never question me that I will help you all around I can†. By saying this he implies regardless of the stuff, he is happy to forfeit whatnot for his kin, the people of Thebes. A royal mental fortitude is something he had and held it high over his head, so high over his head he made a penance to escape away from his own city. Oedipus banished from the city to vanish the plague, so residents of Thebes wouldn’t hurt any more. He had taken things in his own issues. Oedipus felt he was an issue and things would possibly be correct in the event that it was he who left. Carry ing out this incredible thing Oedipus shows that he is a long way from acting naturally with respect to and more like a pioneer. His ... ...g something awful that he was told he would do and wound up doing it any. Catastrophe doesn't constantly mean passing. It’s simply something great turned sour. Oedipus is ideal for the announcement. He's a legend since he spares his old neighborhood from the sphinx and becomes ruler. He's unfortunate since he executes his dad accidentally and weds (and has youngsters) with his mom. Oedipus understands that on the off chance that he had not effectively maintained a strategic distance from the prophet so as to spare himself. Sooner or later unfortunate legends acknowledge there defects and figure out how to manage the circumstance as Oedipus had done. Oedipus was troubled in light of the fact that he was a decent individual with some negative behavior patterns and habituated to settling on awful choices. He awful saint of a catastrophe is a required component to mix disgrace and dread of the crowd to finish the enthusiastic purgation. Sophocles character Oedipus the King is a demonstrated clarification of a Tragic Hero.

The Science of Social Timing

The Science of Social Timing You’ve been working on a social media post for at least an hour or two â€" thinking through your points, actually writing them down, editing the post, tweaking it, rereading it to see that it flows perfectly, fact-checking, confirming the validity of your ideas, and to top it all off, finding the perfect picture to go with the post.After putting in all this work, you are confident that the post will attract lots of engagement.So you hit the send button and sit back waiting to respond to the comments.Unfortunately, several hours down the line, your post has only gotten a handful of likes, and just a single comment.Looking at the post, you just can’t believe it. You spent a lot of mental energy and burned a lot of precious time crafting that post.The post is not the problem. You know it is fantastic, a masterpiece.You know you poured your heart into it, that you spoke directly to your audience, that this is exactly the kind of post people gravitate towards, the kind of post that co nverts silent followers into commenters. In spite of all that, the post tanked.Whatever could you have done wrong?Well, have you considered that maybe you published your post at the wrong time of day?If you had been a little more patient and posted at a more opportune time, you would be swimming in a sea of likes and comments, rather than the silence you’re experiencing right now.Yes, when it comes to posting on social media, timing matters. A lot.So, which is the best time to post something on social media? Why is timing so important? Does the same timing apply to all social platforms, or are there different optimum times depending on the platform?Read on to find out.WHY TIMING IS IMPORTANT WHEN POSTING 1. Get More EngagementThis is a no-brainer. If you post at a time when most users of the social media site are online, you will get more engagement. People can only like, share, or comment on the posts they see.Most social platforms allow the latest posts get more eyeballs than po sts that have been around for a while.It is therefore best to post when there is a maximum number of eyeballs on the site to ensure your fresh post gets as much attention as possible.All the major social media sites and apps are increasingly algorithm-driven.The algorithms are more favorable to posts with a lot of engagement compared to those with little engagement.This means you could have the best post ever, but if you post at the wrong time, when there are not enough receptive people online to see it, the post will not be a success.On the other hand, if you post at a time when a large percentage of your audience is online, the post is likely to get more likes, comments, and shares.After that, the algorithms kick in â€" the more engagement a post gets, the more it gets rewarded by the algorithm, so it is given more attention for longer while posts with less engagement fall by the wayside.Engagement creates momentum, but the way to set the ball rolling in the first place is to get your timing right.2. Differences in Time ZonesTiming is not necessarily clear-cut. A lot also depends on what time zones your core audience lives in. It could be daytime in one time zone but nighttime in another.If you run a blog, the blog analytics tools tell you which countries your readers are reading your blog from.Using that information, you can figure out what time is most optimal for your core readers depending on where your target audience are.Of course, you might have to experiment a little before figuring out the best timing for a particular target audience.If you are targeting people in the United States, for instance, there are 6 time zones to consider. They are (with an example city provided):Pacific Standard Time (PST) â€" Los AngelesCentral Standard Time(CST) â€" ChicagoEastern Standard Time (EST) â€" New YorkMountain Standard Time (MST) â€" Salt Lake CityAlaska Standard Time (AKST) â€" AnchorageHawaii Standard Time (HST) â€" HonoluluIf your content is both for domest ic and international audiences, you have to figure out the most optimal timing for your particular audience.Analytics tools can help you see what countries most of your audience comes from. With that information, you can craft an effective posting schedule.3. Target AudienceTiming is not just about getting the maximum amount of eyeballs on your content. They also have to be the right eyeballs.For instance, if your target audience is business executives, posting at a time when most business executives are with work rather than idly scrolling down a social media site means that majority of them will not see your post.Sure, many other people â€" non-executives in this case â€" might see your post, but the post will not gain any significant engagement or success, since the people seeing the post at that time do not really care about your content.If your target audience is potential clients who may be off the computer all day (like hair stylists, car salespeople, and medical professional s), it’s best to avoid posting during working hours and post during lunch or after work hours.Post at the wrong time and you will get the wrong people (not your target audience) seeing your post.Since they don’t care about your content, they won’t engage with the post, which in turn means that the social algorithms will consider it to be a low quality post and therefore allow the post to fall below other posts driving more significant engagement.You therefore need to be very strategic and intentional in the times you post your content.4. Not All Days Are Made EqualTiming is also about the day of the week you are posting on.Social media users are more active on some days than others.For instance, users interested in professional content will be more active on weekdays, while users interested in entertainment content will be more active during the weekends.The best days are determined by a variety of factors such as your audience, your message, and the medium you are using.The b est days for posting on Facebook or Instagram might not be the best days for posting on Twitter or on your blog.This is especially relevant to marketers and anyone selling a product online. You are likely to see an increase in sales if you publish your most critical posts on the most optimal days and times.If you are selling or marketing something, always remember to include a call to action in the post. This ensures that you don’t waste all the traffic your post attracts.Remember that there is no single perfect day of the week that will always work for you.There is no magic day that works for everyone.Things are ever in flux when it comes to social media and online marketing. You have to keep experimenting and tweaking to find the best days for your audience, content, and medium.5. Good Timing Enables Conversations to Happen on Your PostPosting is not the only aspect of social timing you must keep in mind.Creating an audience is not just about posting. You also have to forge a ra pport with your audience by replying or reacting to the comments of your fans and followers.Real-time interactions between you and your audience will only happen when you are online at the same time as your followers.Being online at the same time as your followers and quickly responding to their comments can lead to interesting conversations happening on the comment section of your post, leading to even more comments, likes, shares and views for the post.An interesting post may convert a silent follower into a vocal one, but it is interaction with your followers that creates an engaged audience.This is especially important for anyone marketing a product. You are more likely to make a sale if you reply to a query instantly. If you wait too long before responding, the person may lose interest and move on.Post at times when your followers are most likely to not only read the post, but also engage with it via comments.When you post at a high-traffic time, your followers will start conve rsations on the comment section. They will ask questions or give thoughts, or maybe even make a joke.Over time, these followers will create a community that eagerly awaits your posts because your posts have become points of connection for them.BEST POSTING TIMES FOR DIFFERENT SITESOptimal posting times differ for different social media sites. This is because social media sites exist for different purposes and each attract a different kind of audience.For instance, LinkedIn exists for professional networking while YouTube exists to disseminate video content.The person on LinkedIn wants to connect with people who can help him or her in his professional life, while the person on YouTube wants to find interesting content.People on LinkedIn are not likely to visit the site at night, when the work day is over, but people on YouTube will definitely flock to the platform at night to watch entertaining or educative videos.This means that a high-traffic time on one platform could be a low-tra ffic time on another. Knowing the high-traffic and low-traffic times of the social media sites you’re working with will ensure your posts attract as many eyeballs as possible.However, you should also realize that you cannot rely on the same set of tactics indefinitely.Social media is highly dynamic, and what worked a few months ago may not yield success today. You have to be adaptable in your approach to social media marketing.Furthermore, just because a certain approach or timing worked for others, it doesn’t mean it will work for you as well. You see, a lot depends on the audience you have, your business, industry, and the overall communication and engagement styles you prefer.As we have pointed out, the best timing for each platform is unique to the platform and can also be idiosyncratic to your particular content and audience.For that reason, we have chosen a reputable authority in digital marketer Neil Patel, and tested his recommendations.What we like about Neil’s recomm endations is that unlike other authorities on the matter, he does not provide specific times and dates.Neil understands only too well the dynamism of social media â€" what worked yesterday may not work today. Recommending definite times and dates would not be useful to you, because who knows when you are going to read this post?To ensure the advice we give in this post is evergreen, we have chosen Neil Patel’s expert recommendations on how to handle timing for different mediums. Below are his recommendations.1. Twitter TimingTwitter is one of the most active social media sites. Since tweets consist of only 280 characters (this was doubled from 140 in 2018), Twitter users are motivated to post often and at a rapid pace.Neil Patel advises content creators and marketers on Twitter to post regularly, at least once every hour for all the seven days of the week.As we have said, Twitter is extremely active, so every post you make has to fight tooth and nail for your audience’s attentio n.While it is true that even on Twitter there is a peak time when posting is most optimal, Neil explains that on Twitter you must engage with people around the world at all times of day and night.Yes, it is impossible for you to post every single hour of the day â€" you must sleep too, we know.That is why we recommend scheduling tools like MeetEdgar and Buffer, which will keep pushing out your prewritten tweets even when you are asleep or enjoying time away from the internet.Use social media analytics tools to see what times your tweets get the most attention and engagement.You can then ramp up your activity during those times or reserve your most important posts for those times.A good example of an analytics tool for Twitter is Union Metrics, which comes with a Twitter Assistant tool that gives you customized recommendations on things such as best time to tweet, hashtags that drive most impressions, and best content types to post on Twitter.Another good tool is Tweriod, which analy ses your account and lets you know the times at which you are going to receive the most exposure for your tweets. Tweriod’s reports break down this information into daily and hourly periods when you can expect the highest engagement for your tweets.2. Facebook TimingAny digital marketer cannot afford to ignore Facebook.While it depends on your audience (teenagers are more likely to be on Instagram than Facebook), Facebook is the acknowledged big dog in the world of social media. It has billions of users and dominates the social media space. Source: OberloIf you play your cards right, you can capture a bigger chunk of followers on this platform by curating great content and posting it at high-traffic times.Facebook is especially great for selling. If you have a product to bring to market, you should have Facebook on your list of platforms to market the product on.Most people are on Facebook, so capitalize on that with great content and strategic timing.The best way to determine the best time to post on Facebook is using Facebook’s analytics tool. The tool will help you determine what timing works best for your content’s audience.The advantage you get with Facebook is that Facebook itself provides the analytics tool. You can find it by logging into your Facebook page and selecting Facebook Page Insights.Using the tool, you can observe the times when your followers are most active, the time zones they post from, and more useful data.To get the most optimal posting time, you will need to use data from the Facebook analy tics tool to experiment and find out the time that works best for you and your audience.3. Instagram TimingIf you are on Instagram, it’s a bit easier for you because the Instagram posts have a longer life expectancy than posts on Twitter and Facebook.However, that does not mean you should rest on your laurels as gradually more and more content is being put out on Instagram.As with Twitter and Facebook, your best strategy when posting on Instagram is using an analytics tools such as Iconosquare. Such a tool will show you the location of your followers.Using that information, post several times during the day, timing your posts such that it’s morning in the time zones of majority of your followers.The idea is simple: a lot of people log into Instagram first thing in the morning.4. Email TimingEmail marketing is a reliable and lucrative way to engage with an audience, and it gives you a good return on investment.For every dollar you invest in email marketing, you get 38 dollars. Em ail marketing is the king of digital marketing as it consistently gives the biggest returns. Email also has a higher conversion rate than search and social. Email has higher conversion rate compared to social media. Source: OptinMonsterEmail is therefore an excellent medium for sharing content and engaging with leads and customers. To ensure your content gets noticed, just as with social, you must strategically pick the best time to post your content.Factors such as type of content and your specific industry will affect timing.However, we recommend mornings as a time when you are likely to get a higher engagement rate compared to posting in the afternoons or evenings.Whatever you do, don’t post email content at night â€" unless of course your target audience is in a different time zone.Where email marketing is concerned, the period between 10 pm and 6 am is considered a “dead zone” because few people check their emails at night. Even if they do check their emails, they are more likely to concentrate on personal messages and ignore marketing messages.On the other hand, in the mornings people are more likely to open marketing emails as they are not yet very busy. As the day progresses, they become more and more busy and may not have the time to read a marketing message.You can check your own email account and you will definitely notice that most marketing messages are sent to you early in the morning.Send yours just as early, so your audience can have something to read right out of bed, at the breakfast table, or during their morning commute, before they get to their office and get too busy to read marketing emails.5. Blog Post TimingOf all the platforms you can use for posting content, your blog posts are going to have the longest lifespans. A Facebook post is lucky to last a few days.A tweet disappears even faster. A blog post, on the other hand, can remain evergreen for year.You can re-share a blog article you posted in 2012 and it will still get lots of hits today, if it has an eye-catching headline and good, evergreen content.New readers on your blog can also scroll through your archives and read all your posts.If such is the case with blogs, is timing even relevant? How often should you publish on your blog and at what time?Neil Patel recommends publishing at least 16 articles every month, which translates to about 4 posts a week. The idea is to publish regularly. Consistency and frequency helps you build a loyal audience and drives up your blog traffic.If you publish during peak times, you will have increased traffic on the blog and increased engagement, but you will also be competing for attention with so many other content creators.On the other hand, if you publish during downtimes, such as the night, competition for attention will decrease, but you will have less traffic on your blog.Owing to the fact that blog posts do not expire quickly, you can focus on promotion and sharing of the posts on different channels. Timing is not as big a factor in this case as it is on Facebook or Twitter.WRAPPING UPPost timing is very important on social media and determines the amount of views a nd engagement your posts are going to attract.The optimal post timing will depend on your content, your audience, your industry, the platform where you are sharing the post, and so on.It is important to note that optimal posting time can be counter-intuitive. What you think might be the best time might not necessarily be the best time.For instance, you might assume that weekdays at lunchtime is the most optimal time, but then in reality, it might turn out that the best time for that platform is in the early evening or early morning.The point here is that you should not rely on guesswork.Use analytics tools, and even then do not immediately accept the tool’s verdict until you have tested it like a hypothesis to see if that timing will yield consistently good results.

How To Cite A Poem MLA Formatting Guide -

If you are writing a literary analysis about a poem, or just writing an essay and decide that you want to write about a poem, you will find that quoting a poem is not quite the same as quoting a sentence from an article. We have gathered everything you need to know about how to cite a poem.How to cite a poemPoems are often published as part of a collection of poems, either a book or a literary journal or magazine. As such, citing a poem is pretty similar to citing an article. It should appear like this in your Works Cited page:Plath, Sylvia. Ariel. Ariel, Harper Row Publishers, 1966, pp. 26-27.Note the following:The last name of the author should appear before the first name.The title of the poem is enclosed in quotation marks.The title of the collection of poems is italicized. The larger work should always be italicized.However, if the poem appears in an anthology, it should be cited like this:Shakespeare, William. Young Love. The Book of Elizabethan Verse, edited by William Stanle yBraithwaite, Herbert B. Turner Co., 1907.Note the following:The lines after the first one should be hanging by half an inch. This is standard MLA formatting.Since the poem appears in an edited book, the editor of the book should be included after the title of the said book. The phrase edited by precedes the editors name so as to indicate his role. So, if he were the translator, his name would be preceded by translated by.Nowadays, there are websites dedicated to publishing poetry. You may cite them like this:Angelou, Maya. Phenomenal Woman from Still, I Rise, Random House, 1978,https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/48985/phenomenal-woman. Accessed 9 June2018.Notice that the poem is cited in the same way as the others, with its publication details. However, the website where you accessed a copy, as well as the access date, must also be included.How to quote a poemCiting a poem and quoting a poem often goes hand-in-hand. So, now that you know how to cite a poem, let us proceed to q uoting a poem. If you will mention the poem in the essay followed by your own commentary or thoughts, the title should still be enclosed in quotation marks:In Sylvia Plaths Ariel, Ariel is one of Plaths most popular poems.But if you will quote a part of the poem:Single lineMaya Angelou opens Phenomenal Woman with the line Pretty women wonder where my secret lies. Through this ...Multiple linesAngelou shows the narrators confidence by repeating the lines Phenomenal woman / Thats me. Angelou shows the narrators confidence by repeating the lines Im a woman / Phenomenally. // Phenomenal woman / Thats me.Note:A single slash is used to show a line break, while two slashes (//) is used to show a stanza break.Long quotationsAs with essays, if you are going to cite more than four lines of poetry, it will become a block quote:I say, Its the fire in my eyes, And the flash of my teeth, The swing in my waist, And the joy in my feet. Im a woman Phenomenally.Note the following:The quote is indente d half an inch from the left margin.It is no longer enclosed in quotation marks.It is double-spaced, but original line breaks are maintained.Additional note: if the lines extend to another page, you may include the page number with the last line (in parenthesis).If you are going to omit a word or a part of a line in your quote, use an ellipsis. However, if you will omit an entire line or more, use periods to the length of a line:Now you understand Just why my heads not bowed. When you see me passing, It ought to make you proud.There are many ways of how to cite a poem, but as you can see, there is a pattern. Keep these in mind (or in your browsers bookmarks!) to make writing a literary analysis easier. For more on MLA formatting, go here. Should you need further assistance, do not hesitate to ask us.Essay and article writing service for studentsYou want to write a literary analysis or an essay that is thorough and poetic, and what better what better way to do that but to cite poems that can help you emphasize your point and the message you are trying to put across. However, writing is very confusing sometimes and not everyone is lucky enough to be skilled at writing. That is where we come in can help you with your writing. We offer services in writing your custom essays, custom term papers, and custom research paper. Our pool of expert writers is more than capable to do the work. Our Support Team is waiting for you if you have any concerns before you order.

Historically When You Looked Up The Definition Of Marriage

Historically when you looked up the definition of marriage in the dictionary, it defined marriage as a union between a man and a woman. According to cbn.com, Merriam-Webster changed its definition of marriage in 2003. The revised version now defines marriage as the state of being married as spouses in a consensual and contractual relationship recognized by law. Currently, in 2017 more sources have also made revisions to redefine marriage. They are now defining marriage as being between two people instead of being between just a man and a woman. For decades, same-sex couples have been deprived of the same rights that opposite couples have always had. The case of Obergefell v Hodges made a huge impact in the U.S. and have changed the†¦show more content†¦The state of Michigan, then and still prohibits joint, legal adoptions from same-sex couples. Legally, they both could not be parents to their kids. This also means that if the legal parent or one of the children dies, their spouse will not receive custody of their child. Contrary to Deboer and Rowse’s case, other plaintiffs in Obergefell v. Hodges married in states where same-sex marriage is legal. However, when they relocated to other states where same same-sex marriage was not legal, their marriages were not recognized, and banned. One of the plaintiffs U.S. Army First Class Ijpe Dekoe stated that it was â€Å"particularly painful,† because â€Å"he is denied the very freedom, liberty, and equality that he risked his life to protect,† according to www.scotusblog.com. These plaintiffs and others with similar cases sued state officials in Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, and Tennessee for violating their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. Once the lawsuit was filed the district courts found for the plaintiffs in each occurrence, however the state officials filed an appealed for the Sixth Circuit to the United States Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals combined the cases and ruled out under the constitution that states did not have to license or welcome same sex marriage. The plaintiffs responded by petitioning the United States Supreme Court for certiorari, and it was granted. On April 28, 2015, oral arguments in all four cases under the ObergefellShow MoreRelatedIs The Nuclear Family Means?1617 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is considered the nuclear family? Everyone in society has their own definition of what the nuclear family means to them and raises an interesting question as to which definition is said to be true? Society has constructed their own set of beliefs and terms in their way of living that the nuclear family can literally mean, and be constructed by almost anything. Depending on people situations, thei r built up version of what a family means to them can consists of uncles, aunts, grandparents, andRead MoreAnalyzing And Evaluation Modern Biographies About El Cid1606 Words   |  7 PagesModern biographies are often looked at by others as a reputable source of information when it comes to their subject of interest being hundreds of years old. Maybe it is because people today tend to believe whatever they are told or perhaps they see the title â€Å"Dr.† or â€Å" professor† pop up on the screen and put all of their trust in whatever that person is saying. However, that’s exactly the problem, whoever is holding the title of Dr. or professor is as equal a person like you or me, and sometimes we forgetRead MoreSocial Deviance and Social Norms Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesSocial deviance is a violation of social norms. So what qualifies as a social deviant? According to sociologist, Howard S. Becker the best definition of social deviance is, â€Å"It is not th e act itself, but the reactions to the act, that do something deviant.† In cultures around the world, there are many practices Americans find deviant, but in other cultures, it’s the norm. In many countries around the world, girls are married as young as 11 years old. To Americans, that is considered child abuse andRead MoreWhy Are Black American Men Against Homosexuality?1313 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality is often looked down upon and is a reoccurring topic in the black community and specifically with black American men. This sparks the question â€Å"Why are many Black American men against homosexuality?† Religion, the influence of hip-hop and the social construct of hyper-masculinity are all factors that play into the stigmatization of homosexuality. The element of worship has always been an essential part of the Black American culture. Black Americans â€Å"are markedly more religious on aRead MoreOthello is Not a Tragic Hero Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesevil, military, politics, love and marriage, religion, racial prejudice, gender conflict, and sexuality; but the controversy and debate surrounding Othello is â€Å"Why is Othello a qualification for a tragedy?† Most readers are aware of the many famous deaths or acts of death within the Shakespearean plays. And when the main characters die in Shakespeare’s plays, indeed, the readers would categorize the play as a tragedy. The problem with any tragedy definition is that most tragic plays do not defineRead MoreThe Between Traditional And Modern Roles Of The Woman1713 Words   |  7 Pagesmold that has historically restricted them. Before this revolution, women were expected to play their part, and that part was definitely not equal to that of a man. Unfortunately, sometimes when women decide that they do not want to fulfill their role, many men and sometimes women look down upon them in disapproval. Throughout the book â€Å"To the Lighthouse† by Virginia Woolf, she uncovers the difference between traditional and modern roles of the woman. She explores the true definition of female genderRead MoreMinority Identity1672 Words   |  7 Pagesidentification, their voting behavio r and their interest in group activities. However the way one person may see themselves may not be the way they are perceived by others. Ascribed identity can be described as the way that society, or other people impose on you. A factor that is heavily involved in shaping ascribed identity is stereotyping. Stereotyping is defined as assign a set of particular attributes to a person based on presumed membership of a certain group. Stereotypes usually involves simplifying aRead More The Battle Over Same-Sex Marriage Essay2181 Words   |  9 Pages Same-sex marriage has grown into to a national issue. In 2003, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that same-sex couples had the right to marry which provoked a firestorm of debate. The discussion extends from private livings rooms and local watering holes; all the way to the floor of the U.S. Congress and the White House. The debate about same-sex marriage has become a hot button issue, which pits secular-progressives who support gay-rights against religious and social traditionalistsRead MoreEthical Issue Of Same Sex Marriage Essay2348 Words   |  10 PagesIss ue of Same-Sex Marriage On June 26, 2015, it was ruled by the the US Supreme Court that the US Constitution will guarantee that same-sex couples have the right to marriage in all 50 states of the US (state by state, n.d.). By many, this was celebrated as a victory. A Victory in the sense of equality, rights, and love. By others, this was seen as an immoral setback. I come to wonder who is right. Is there a right side? I know that there is a side who is for same-sex marriage and there is a sideRead MoreIndividualism Vs. American Life2154 Words   |  9 Pages(Viii). Americans separate work, family and community, when in fact, these worlds must be combined. We are hiding in such lifestyle enclaves, our isolated existence limits our ability to relate ourselves to a broader community. The virtue of community interaction lies in its ability to provide meaning to the frustrating mechanisms of politics and combat the inevitable loneliness of the separate self (Bellah et. al., 190). It seems our definition of success is related to our own individuality. Our

The Importance Of Government Transparency And Accountability

There are about fourteen rights of the accused from arrest to trial. Prior to the discussion of the rights to the accused, it is important to note the importance of government transparency and accountability throughout this paper. Under the fourth amendment there are three provisions that needs to be discussed. Two of these provisions: No improper searches and seizures, and Evidence obtained by illegal search not admissible during trial. In 1990, the Supreme Court summarized the Fourth Amendment brilliantly and succinctly: â€Å" A search compromises the individual interest in privacy; a seizure deprives the individual of dominion over his or her person or property.† In order to narrow down what is reasonable and what is unreasonable is best explained in the 1961 case of Mapp v. Ohio. The courts established an exclusionary rule, which prohibits evidence obtained during an illegal search from being introduced in a trial. This case was about a warrantless search for a bom bing suspect where police discovered illegal artifacts that were not related to the former cause. Upon reaching a verdict by the Supreme court, they found all evidence obtained by searches and seizure in violation of the Constitution and was inadmissible. In layman s term, even if a person was guilty of a crime of which they are accused, they can not be convicted if the only evidence for their conviction was obtained illegally. The transparency in part of the police for the search is questionable due toShow MoreRelatedThe Global Of Natural Resource Curse And Transparency846 Words   |  4 Pages according to the US Department of Energy, but has one of the least corrupt governments in the world, also according to the World Bank. Norway is one of the top ten exporters of crude oil in the world, while maintaining its stature as a perennial leader of the United Nations Human Development Index. In this way, natural resource curse did not appear to be unavoidable. Global Approaches to Resource Curse and Transparency The widespread of negative impact of natural resource abundance lead the worldRead MoreRole Of The Irs Moving Forward1142 Words   |  5 Pagestopic of bringing transparency and open government into the current administration. Barack Obama writes, â€Å"My Administration is committed to creating an unprecedented level of openness in Government. We will work together to ensure the public trust and establish a system of transparency, public participation, and collaboration. Openness will strengthen our democracy and promote efficiency and effectiveness in Government.† The President goes on to say, â€Å"Transparency promotes accountability and providesRead MoreHistory And Meaning Of Corporate Governance1450 Words   |  6 Pageswith a direction. It helps to ensure a balance between the different stakeholders within the company. 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The concept of corporate governance dived to global attention after the sudden crashes of Enron, World Com, Xerox, Lehman Brothers, Parmalat, Satyam etc. The failure of these colossal business houses horrified the corporate world with their unethical and unlawful operations which affected the employment, finances of national and local government worldwide and international economy. TheRead MoreLocal Controls Funding Formula And Local Control Accountability Plan794 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Local Control Funding Formula and the Local Control Accountability Plan. Each member of the panel contributed honestly about LCFF and LCAP as it relates to the states vision of moving forward in trying to close the achievement gap for all students. Paul Richman, California State PTA Executive Director opened the conversation by saying â€Å"districts need to focus on three T’s: Trust, Transparency, and Tenacity†. 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The War on Drugs and Its Impact on Latin America Essay...

Ever since the war on drugs was started, most of the battle has been concentrated in Latin America, leaving trails of devastation from deep within Latin America up to the largest consumer of those substances. After years of fighting, and series’ of more and more aggressive policies put into place by the United States, drugs are just as prevalent if not more so than when the war began. Illegal drugs are still easy to obtain, demand for such substances has skyrocketed and cartels are becoming increasingly affluent. Drug violence since 2006 has resulted in the death of more than 60,000 people. Clearly, our current policies in waging this war are not effective, we have spent over 35 billion dollars over the course of 2013 to attempt to combat†¦show more content†¦Mexico’s war on drugs was officially decreed by then President Felipe Calderon, but has existed in some form since long before that. In the 1920s a law was drafted that deemed drugs and drug trafficking to be of the highest priority for national security. Throughout time, Mexico has a history of very strict drug enforcement laws, stemming from the issue being one of national security. Strangely enough, before 2006, when the war on drugs was formally declared, Mexico as well as other Latin American countries were having less trouble with drugs as a threat to national stability than after the formal declaration that labeled them as a destabilizing national security threat. Marijuana was banned from Mexico City in the 1860s and the State of Oaxaca shortly after that, with the surrounding areas following suit. After the Mexican Revolution in 1910, cocaine and opium imports began to be restricted by the newly empowered Superior Board of Health. The then leader of the Superior Board of Health, Josà © Marà ­a Rodrà ­guez, pushed for these reforms, citing the need for a healthy vibrant population due to the country’s proximity to other rapidly growing nations (namely the US). The e asily made link between drugs and disparagement, treachery, prison, death, madeShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Latin American Culture On Latin America1656 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing in an active war zone, living in Latin America would be much like that. The war being fought here is very different, instead of fighting another country, they are fighting drugs. Although war is generally a negative thing, this one is not. In this war there are negatives, but the positives far outweigh them. Latin American countries have witnessed the very noticeable benefits of the drug trade in many aspects of everyday life. The use and production of drugs is important to Latin American cultureRead Moreâ€Å"The War On Drugs Is A Big Fucking Lie†. 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There are many aspects of the drug war from Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs. It can be hard to differentiate between conflict and issueRead MoreEssay on Mexican/Latin American â€Å"War† on Drugs and Trafficking1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe international drug trade from Latin American states is having an impact on a global scale. The trafficking of drugs along with corruptness and murder is an international conflict that is being fought daily. There are many aspects of the drug war from Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs. 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This was common with the first anti-drug laws. It entirely about scientific based facts on what the effects or risks of the drugs, rather who was associated with the use of the specific drugs. For example, the anti-cocaine laws in the early 1900’s were directed at black men, and theRead MoreCritical Analysis of a Published Article Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesCritical analysis of a published article (1000 words) Saturday 10th October 2009 By Joana Wong This critical analysis is about an article that argues whether drugs should be legalized or not. It was published in The Observer, on Sunday the 6th of September 2009 and it is entitled Latin Americas backlash against US war on drugs by Ed Vulliamy in Tijuana, Rory Carroll in Caracas, Annie Kelly in Buenos Aires and Tom Phillips in Rio de Janeiro. It is a lengthy article, written in a Sunday newspaper

Biography of Ernest Hemingway Essay - 1257 Words

â€Å"They only want to kill when they’re alone. Of course, if you went in there you’d probably detach one of them from the herd, and he’d be dangerous (Hemingway).† This quote, from Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, was one of his many pieces of work that helped light the way for new authors. Hemingway believed that minimal details created a better story, leaving mysteries for readers to solve on their own. Hemingway described his style as the Iceberg Theory. Hemingway deserves to be in the literary canon because he is a master of diction, his stories are unique and original, and he developed a new writing style that many authors still use today. Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois. His mother was very†¦show more content†¦Hemingway portrays this image through his characters which can only be described as larger than life. â€Å"Typical characters, they are usually tough men, experienced in the hard world s they inhabit, and not given to emotional display or sensitive shrinking (Warren 3).† The best way to describe most of Hemingway’s characters would be the perfect image of a man. When confronted with a challenge, they would fight through or go down on their own terms. Hemingway’s characters where in a way the spitting image of him. In many of his books Hemingway’s characters followed a code, â€Å"If they are to be defeated, they are defeated upon their own terms; some of them have even courted their defeat (Warren 3).† When Hemingway grew older, he thought he was losing his ability to write. When the day finally came when he thought he had lost all his talent, he killed himself. Hemingway wanted to live his life like the characters he wrote about and decided to end his life before he become engulfed in failure or defeat (amsaw.org, 5). Hemingway had a very rough love life, often ending in divorce and heartbreak. His first heartbreak came during World War 1 when he fell in love with an English nurse who ended up leaving him for another man. Hemingway wrote about his pain in his book, A Farewell to Arms. Just like his experience, he â€Å"tells the story of a tragically terminated love affair between an American soldier and an English nurse,Show MoreRelatedErnest Hemingway: A Brief Biography 1210 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois in 1899. He was a writer who started his career with a newspaper office in Kansas City when he was seventeen. When the United States got involved in the First World War, Hemingway joined with a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. 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(On the Blue Water in Esquire, April 1936) A legendary novelist, short-storyRead More Biography of Ernest Miller Hemingway Essay3798 Words   |  16 PagesBiography of Ernest Miller Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, journalist, writer of short stories, and winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize for literature. He created a distinguished body of prose fiction, much of it based on adventurous life. He was born on July 21, 1899, the second of six children, in Oak Park, Ill., in a house built by his widowed grandfather, Ernest Hall. Oak Park was a Protestant, upper middle class suburb of Chicago. He died on July 2, 1961. EarlyRead MoreTaking a Look at Ernest Hemingway1167 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingway Research Paper Ernest Hemingway was an extraordinary individual. There was a lot more to his life than most readers know about. His writing was influenced by the lifestyle that he led. Hemingway was an adventurous person that liked to live life to its fullest. Just like everyone, he made decisions that were both good and bad, and his decisions and actions shaped his writing style. Hemmingway found a great deal of success and his career was topped off with him being awarded theRead MoreThe Life of Ernest Hemingway Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingway â€Å"But man is not made for defeat, he said. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.† (Hemingway, 29). This is one of the lines that Ernest Hemingway uses in one of his books, titled, â€Å"The Old Man and The Sea.† It was published in 1952, and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize the following year. The story of an old fishermans journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, was considered to be the most popular of all his works. Fortunately for this well-known author, heRead More Ernets Hemingway Essay example1287 Words   |  6 Pages Ernest Hemingway I.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Introduction to Ernest Hemingway II.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Life and Times A.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Early Life 1.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Birth 2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Parents 3.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Influences 4.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Siblings 5.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hobbies B.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Adulthood 1.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;War 2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Influences 3.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;MarriageRead MoreThe Clouded Life Of Ernest Hemingway2032 Words   |  9 PagesThe Clouded Life of Ernest Hemingway â€Å"Every man s life ends the same way. It is only the details of how he lived and how he died that distinguish one man from another,† (Hemingway). The details of Ernest Hemingway’s life are nothing short of remarkable. The dash between the dates on his gravestone more than distinguish him from the notable mid-century authors he competed with. The life and works of Hemingway has stimulated the minds of people all over the world for the last one-hundred and sixteenRead MoreA Farewell To Arms By Ernest Hemingway Analysis1694 Words   |  7 Pagesthe way they wish they could. One example of this is in Ernest Hemingway’s novel, A Farewell To Arms. The brave World War One ambulance driver, Frederic Henry, shares many traits with the esteemed author. It’s almost like he’s the Batman to Hemingway’s Bruce Wayne. Hemingway often wrote from experience, whether it was drawing upon his experience at a bullfight or even writing about his time spent on the Italian front (Ernest Hemingway Biography ~ World War I 1). He shares several experiences withRead MoreTo Let The Air In964 Words   |  4 Pageshousewife, the mother and the submissive doormat to more empowering trajectories. 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Frederick Henry, the main character in the story, experiences many of the same situations

Variable Cost and Contribution Margin Free Essays

string(47) " sale could well open a new marketing channel\." CHAPTER 12 PRICING DECISIONS AND COST MANAGEMENT 12-1The three major influences on pricing decisions are 1. Customers 2. Competitors 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Variable Cost and Contribution Margin or any similar topic only for you Order Now Costs 12-2Not necessarily. For a one-time-only special order, the relevant costs are only those costs that will change as a result of accepting the order. In this case, full product costs will rarely be relevant. It is more likely that full product costs will be relevant costs for long-run pricing decisions. 12-3Two examples of pricing decisions with a short-run focus: 1. Pricing for a one-time-only special order with no long-term implications. . Adjusting product mix and volume in a competitive market. 12-4Activity-based costing helps managers in pricing decisions in two ways. 1. It gives managers more accurate product-cost information for making pricing decisions. 2. It helps managers to manage costs during value engineering by identifying the cost impact of eliminating, reducing, or changing various activities. 12-5Two alternative starting points for long-run pricing decisions are 1. Market-based pricing, an important form of which is target pricing. The market-based approach asks, â€Å"Given what our customers want and how our competitors will react to what we do, what price should we charge? † 2. Cost-based pricing which asks, â€Å"What does it cost us to make this product and, hence, what price should we charge that will recoup our costs and achieve a target return on investment? † 12-6A target cost per unit is the estimated long-run cost per unit of a product (or service) that, when sold at the target price, enables the company to achieve the targeted operating income per unit. 2-7Value engineering is a systematic evaluation of all aspects of the value-chain business functions, with the objective of reducing costs while satisfying customer needs. Value engineering via improvement in product and process designs is a principal technique that companies use to achieve target cost per unit. 12-8A value-added cost is a cost that customers perceive as adding value, or utility, to a product or service. Examples are co sts of materials, direct labor, tools, and machinery. A nonvalue-added cost is a cost that customers do not perceive as adding value, or utility, to a product or service. Examples of nonvalue-added costs are costs of rework, scrap, expediting, and breakdown maintenance. 12-9No. It is important to distinguish between when costs are locked in and when costs are incurred, because it is difficult to alter or reduce costs that have already been locked in. 12-10Cost-plus pricing is a pricing approach in which managers add a markup to cost in order to determine price. 2-11Cost-plus pricing methods vary depending on the bases used to calculate prices. Examples are (a) variable manufacturing costs; (b) manufacturing function costs; (c) variable product costs; and (d) full product costs. 12-12Two examples where the difference in the costs of two products or services is much smaller than the differences in their prices follow: 1. The difference in prices charged for a telephone call, hotel room, or car rental during busy versus slack periods is of ten much greater than the difference in costs to provide these services. 2. The difference in costs for an airplane seat sold to a passenger traveling on business or a passenger traveling for pleasure is roughly the same. However, airline companies price discriminate. They routinely charge business travelers––those who are likely to start and complete their travel during the same week excluding the weekend––a much higher price than pleasure travelers who generally stay at their destinations over at least one weekend. 12-13Life-cycle budgeting is an estimate of the revenues and costs attributable to each product from its initial RD to its final customer servicing and support. 2-14Three benefits of using a product life-cycle reporting format are: 1. The full set of revenues and costs associated with each product becomes more visible. 2. Differences among products in the percentage of total costs committed at early stages in the life cycle are highlighted. 3. Interrelationships among business function cost categories are highlighted. 12-15Predatory pricing occurs when a business deliberately prices below its costs in an effort to drive competitors out of the market and restrict supply, and then raises prices rather than enlarge demand. Under U. S. laws, dumping occurs when a non-U. S. company sells a product in the United States at a price below the market value in the country where it is produced, and this lower price materially injures or threatens to materially injure an industry in the United States. Collusive pricing occurs when companies in an industry conspire in their pricing and production decisions to achieve a price above the competitive price and so restrain trade. 12-16(20–30 min. ) Relevant-cost approach to pricing decisions, special order. . Relevant revenues, $4. 00 ( 1,000$4,000 Relevant costs Direct materials, $1. 60 ( 1,000$1,600 Direct manufacturing labor, $0. 90 ( 1,000900 Variable manufacturing overhead, $0. 70 ( 1,000700 Variable selling costs, 0. 05 ( $4,000 200 Total relevant costs 3,400 Increase in operating income$ 600 This calculation assumes that: a. The monthly fixed manufacturing overhead of $150,000 and $65,000 of monthly fixed marketing costs will be unchanged by acceptance o f the 1,000 unit order. b. The price charged and the volumes sold to other customers are not affected by the special order. Chapter 12 uses the phrase â€Å"one-time-only special order† to describe this special case. 2. The president’s reasoning is defective on at least two counts: a. The inclusion of irrelevant costs––assuming the monthly fixed manufacturing overhead of $150,000 will be unchanged; it is irrelevant to the decision. b. The exclusion of relevant costs––variable selling costs (5% of the selling price) are excluded. 3. Key issues are: . Will the existing customer base demand price reductions? If this 1,000-tape order is not independent of other sales, cutting the price from $5. 00 to $4. 00 can have a large negative effect on total revenues. b. Is the 1,000-tape order a one-time-only order, or is there the possibility of sales in subsequent months? The fact that the customer is not in Dill Company’s â€Å"normal marketing channels† does not n ecessarily mean it is a one-time-only order. Indeed, the sale could well open a new marketing channel. You read "Variable Cost and Contribution Margin" in category "Essay examples" Dill Company should be reluctant to consider only short-run variable costs for pricing long-run business. 12-17(20–30 min. )Relevant-cost approach to short-run pricing decisions. 1. Analysis of special order: Sales, 3,000 units ( $75$225,000 Variable costs: Direct materials, 3,000 units ( $35$105,000 Direct manufacturing labor, 3,000 units ( $1030,000 Variable manufacturing overhead, 3,000 units ( $618,000 Other variable costs, 3,000 units ( $515,000 Sales commission 8,000 Total variable costs 176,000 Contribution margin$ 49,000 Note that the variable costs, except for commissions, are affected by production volume, not sales dollars. If the special order is accepted, operating income would be $1,000,000 + $49,000 = $1,049,000. 2. Whether McMahon’s decision to quote full price is correct depends on many factors. He is incorrect if the capacity would otherwise be idle and if his objective is to increase operating income in the short run. If the offer is rejected, San Carlos, in effect, is willing to invest $49,000 in immediate gains forgone (an opportunity cost) to preserve the long-run selling-price structure. McMahon is correct if he thinks future competition or future price concessions to customers will hurt San Carlos’s operating income by more than $49,000. There is also the possibility that Abrams could become a long-term customer. In this case, is a price that covers only short-run variable costs adequate? Would Holtz be willing to accept a $8,000 sales commission (as distinguished from her regular $33,750 = 15% ( $225,000) for every Abrams order of this size if Abrams becomes a long-term customer? 12-18(15-20 min. Short-run pricing, capacity constraints. 1. Per kilogram of hard cheese: |Milk (8 liters [pic] $2. 00 per liter) |$16 | |Direct manufacturing labor |5 | |Variable manufacturing overhead |4 | |Fixed manufacturing cost allocated | 6 | |Total manufacturing cost |$31 | | | | If Colorado Mountains Dairy can get all the Holstein milk it needs, and has sufficient production capacity, then the minimum price per kilo it should charge for the hard cheese is the variable cost per kilo = $16 + $5 + $4 = $25 per kilo. 2. If milk is in short supply, then each kilo of hard cheese displaces 2 kilos of soft cheese (8  liters of milk per kilo of hard cheese versus 4 liters of milk per kilo of soft cheese). Then, for the hard cheese, the minimum price Colorado Mountains should charge is the variable cost per kilo of hard cheese plus the contribution margin from 2 kilos of soft cheese, or, 25 + (2 [pic] $10 per kilo) = $45 per kilo That is, if milk is in short supply, Colorado Mountains should not agree to produce any hard cheese unless the buyer is willing to pay at least $45 per kilo. 12-19 (25–30 min. ) Value-added, nonvalue-added costs. 1. |Category |Examples | | |Value-added costs |a. Materials and labor for regular repairs |$800,000 | |Nonvalue-added cost s |b. Rework costs |$ 75,000 | | |c. Expediting costs caused by work delays |60,000 | | |g. Breakdown maintenance of equipment |55,000 | | |Total |$190,000 | |Gray area |d. Materials handling costs |$ 50,000 | | |e. Materials procurement and inspection costs |35,000 | | |f. Preventive maintenance of equipment |15,000 | | |Total |$100,000 | Classifications of value-added, nonvalue-added, and gray area costs are often not clear-cut. Other classifications of some of the cost categories are also plausible. For example, some students may include materials handling, materials procurement, and inspection costs and preventive maintenance as value-added costs (costs that customers perceive as adding value and as being necessary for good repair service) rather than as in the gray area. Preventive maintenance, for instance, might be regarded as value-added because it helps prevent nonvalue-adding breakdown maintenance. 2. Total costs in the gray area are $100,000. Of this, we assume 65%, or $65,000, are value-added and 35%, or $35,000, are nonvalue-added. Total value-added costs: $800,000 + $65,000 $ 865,000 Total nonvalue-added costs: $190,000 + $35,000 225,000 Total costs$1,090,000 Nonvalue-added costs are $225,000 ? $1,090,000 = 20. 64% of total costs. Value-added costs are $865,000 ? $1,090,000 = 79. 36% of total costs. |3. |Effect on Costs Classified as | | |Value-Added |Nonvalue-Added |Gray | |Program | | |Area | |(a) Quality improvement programs to | | | | |†¢ reduce rework costs by 75% (0. 5 ( $75,000) | |–$ 56,250 | | |†¢ reduce expediting costs by 75% | | | | |(0. 75 ( $60,000) | |– 45,000 | | |†¢ reduce materials and labor costs by 5% | | | | |(0. 5 ( $800,000) |–$ 40,000 |  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | |Total effect |–$ 40,000 |–$101,250 | | | | | | | |(b) Working with suppliers to | | | | |†¢ reduce materials procurement and inspection costs by 20% (0. 0 ( $35,000) | | | | |†¢ reduce materials handling costs by 25% | | |–$ 7,000 | |(0. 25 ( $50,000) | | | | |Total effect | | |– 12,500 | |Transferring 65% of gray area costs (0. 5 ( | | |– 19,500 | |$19,500 = $12,675) as value-added and 35% | | | | |(0. 5 ( $19, 500 = $6,825) as nonvalue-added | | | | |Effect on value-added and nonvalue-added costs |–$ 12,675 |–$ 6,825 |+ 19,500 | | |–$ 12,675 |–$ 6,825 |$ 0 | |(c) Maintenance programs to | | | | |†¢ increase preventive maintenance costs by 50% | | | | |(0. 0 ( $15,000) | | |+$ 7,500 | |†¢ decrease breakdown maintenance costs by 40% | | | | |(0. 40 ( $55,000) | |–$ 22,000 |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |Total effect | |– 22,000 |+ 7,500 | |Transferring 65% of gray area costs (0. 65 ( $7,500 = $4,875) as value-added and 35%| | | | |(0. 5 ( $7,500 = $2,625) as nonvalue-added | | | | |Effect on value-added and nonvalue-added costs |+$ 4,875 |+ 2,625 |– 7,500 | | |+$ 4,875 |–$  Ã‚  19,375 |$ 0 | |Total effect of all programs |–$ 47,800 |–$127,450 | | |Value-added and nonvalue-added costs calculated in requirement 2 | | | | |Expected value-added and nonvalue-added costs as a result of implementing these |865,000 |225,000 | | |programs | | | | | |$817,200 |$ 97,550 | | If these programs had been implemented, total costs would have decreased from $1,090,000 (requirement 2) to $817,200 + $97,550 = $914,750, and the percentage of nonvalue-added costs would decrease from 20. 64% (requirement 2) to $97,550 ? 914,750 = 10. 66%. These are significant improvements in Marino’s performance. 12-20(25(30 min. ) Target operating income, value-added costs, service company. 1. The classification of total costs in 2012 into value-added, nonvalue-added, or in the gray area in between follows: ValueGrayNonvalue-Total AddedAreaadded(4) = (1) (2) (3) (1)+(2)+(3) Doing calculations and preparing drawings 77% ? $390,000$300,300$300,300 Checking calculations and drawings 3% ? $390,000$11,70011,700 Correcting errors found in drawings 8% ? $390,000$31,20031,200 Making changes in response to client requests 5% ? $390,000 19,50019,500 Correcting errors to meet government building code, 7% ? $390,000 27,300 27,300 Total professional labor costs 319,800 11,700 58,500 390,000 Administrative and support costs at 44% ($171,600 ? $390,000) of professional labor costs 140,712 5,148 25,740 171,600 Travel 15,000 — 15,000 Total$475,512$16,848$84,240$576,600 Doing calculations and responding to client requests for changes are value-added costs because customers perceive these costs as necessary for the service of preparing architectural drawings. Costs incurred on correcting errors in drawings and making changes because they were inconsistent with building codes are nonvalue-added costs. Customers do not perceive these costs as necessary and would be unwilling to pay for them. Calvert should seek to eliminate these costs by making sure that all associates are well-informed regarding building code requirements and by training associates to improve the quality of their drawings. Checking calculations and drawings is in the gray area (some, but not all, checking may be needed). There is room for disagreement on these classifications. For example, checking calculations may be regarded as value added. 2. Reduction in professional labor-hours by a. Correcting errors in drawings (8% ? 7,500)600 hours b. Correcting errors to conform to building code (7% ? 7,500) 525 hours Total 1,125 hours Cost savings in professional labor costs (1,125 hours ? $52)$ 58,500 Cost savings in variable administrative and support costs (44% ? $58,500) 25,740 Total cost savings$ 84,240 Current operating income in 2012$124,650 Add cost savings from eliminating errors 84,240 Operating income in 2012 if errors eliminated$208,890 3. Currently 85% ? 7,500 hours = 6,375 hours are billed to clients generating revenues of $701,250. The remaining 15% of professional labor-hours (15% ? 7,500 = 1,125 hours) is lost in making corrections. Calvert bills clients at the rate of $701,250 ? 6,375 = $110 per professional labor-hour. If the 1,125 professional labor-hours currently not being billed to clients were billed to clients, Calvert’s revenues would increase by 1,125 hours ? $110 = $123,750 from $701,250 to $825,000 ($701,250 + $123,750). Costs remain unchanged Professional labor costs$390,000 Administrative and support (44% ? $390,000) 171,600 Travel 15,000 Total costs$576,600 Calvert’s operating income would be Revenues$825,000 Total costs 576,600 Operating income$248,400 12-21(25–30 min. Target prices, target costs, activity-based costing. 1. Snappy’s operating income in 2011 is as follows: | |Total for | | | |250,000 Tiles |Per Unit | | |(1) |(2) = (1) ? 250,000 | |Revenues ($4 ( 250,000) |$1,000,000 |$4. 00 | |Purchase cost of tiles ($3 ( 250,000) |750,000 |3. 0 | |Ordering costs ($50 ( 500) |25,000 |0. 10 | |Receiving and storage ($30 ( 4,000) |120,000 |0. 48 | |Shipping ($40 ( 1,500) |60,000 |0. 24 | |Total costs |955,000 |3. 82 | |Operating income |$ 45,000 |$0. 18 | 2. Price to retailers in 2012 is 95% of 2011 price = 0. 95 ( $4 = $3. 80; cost per tile in 2012 is 96% of 2011 cost = 0. 96 ( $3 = $2. 88. Snappy’s operating income in 2012 is as follows: | |Total for | | | |250,000 Tiles |Per Unit | | |(1) |(2) = (1) ? 250,000 | |Revenues ($3. 80 ( 250,000) |$950,000 |$3. 0 | |Purchase cost of tiles ($2. 88 ( 250,000) |720,000 |2. 88 | |Ordering costs ($50 ( 500) |25,000 |0. 10 | |Receiving and storage ($30 ( 4,000) |120,000 |0. 48 | |Shipping ($40 ( 1,500) |60,000 |0. 24 | |Total costs |925,000 |3. 0 | |Operating income |$ 25,000 |$0. 10 | 3. Snappy’s operating income in 2012, if it makes changes in ordering and material handling, will be as follows: | |Total for | | | |250,000 Tiles |Per Unit | | |(1) |(2) = (1) ? 50,000 | |Revenues ($3. 80 ( 250,000) |$950,000 |$3. 80 | |Purchase cost of tiles ($2. 88 ( 250,000) |720,000 |2. 88 | |Ordering costs ($25 ( 200) |5,000 |0. 02 | |Receiving and storage ($28 ( 3,125) |87,500 |0. 35 | |Sh ipping ($40 ( 1,500) |60,000 |0. 4 | |Total costs |872,500 |3. 49 | |Operating income |$ 77,500 |$0. 31 | Through better cost management, Snappy will be able to achieve its target operating income of $0. 30 per tile despite the fact that its revenue per tile has decreased by $0. 20 ($4. 00 – $3. 80), while its purchase cost per tile has decreased by only $0. 12 ($3. 00 – $2. 88). 12-22 (20 min. ) Target costs, effect of product-design changes on product costs. 1. and 2. Manufacturing costs of HJ6 in 2010 and 2011 are as follows: 2010 2011 Per UnitPer Unit Total (2) = Total (4) = (1)(1) ? 3,500 (3)(3) ? 4,000 Direct materials, $1,200 ? 3,500; $1,100 ? 4,000$4,200,000$1,200$4,400,000$1,100 Batch-level costs, $8,000 ? 70; $7,500 ? 80 560,000 160 600,000 150 Manuf. operations costs, $55 ? 21,000; $50 ? 22,000 1,155,000 330 1,100,000 275 Engineering change costs, $12,000 ? 14; $10,000 ? 10 168,000 48 100,000 25 Total$6,083,000$1,738$6,200,000$1,550 3. [pic]= [pic] ? 90% = $1,738 ? 0. 90 = $1,564. 20 Actual manufacturing cost per unit of HJ6 in 2011 was $1,550. Hence, Medical Instruments did achieve its target manufacturing cost per unit of $1,564. 20 4. To reduce the manufacturing cost per unit in 2011, Medical Instruments reduced the cost per unit in each of the four cost categories—direct materials costs, batch-level costs, manufacturing operations costs, and engineering change costs. It also reduced machine-hours and number of engineering changes made—the quantities of the cost drivers. In 2010, Medical Instruments used 6 machine-hours per unit of HJ6 (21,000 machine-hours (3,500 units). In 2011, Medical Instruments used 5. 5 machine-hours per unit of HJ6 (22,000 machine-hours ( 4,000 units). Medical Instruments reduced engineering changes from 14 in 2010 to 10 in 2011. Medical Instruments achieved these gains through value engineering activities that retained only those product features that customers wanted while eliminating nonvalue-added activities and costs. 12-23(20 min. )Cost-plus target return on investment pricing. 1. Target operating income = target return on investment ( invested capital Target operating income (25% of $900,000)$225,000 Total fixed costs 375,000 Target contribution margin$600,000 Target contribution per room-night, ($600,000 ? 15,000) $40 Add variable costs per room-night 5 Price to be charged per room-night $45 Proof Total room revenues ($45 ( 15,000 room-nights)$675,000 Total costs: Variable costs ($5 ( 15,000)$ 75,000 Fixed costs 375,000 Total costs 450,000 Operating income$225,000 The full cost of a room = variable cost per room + fixed cost per room The full cost of a room = $5 + ($375,000 ? 15,000) = $5 + $25 = $30 Markup per room = Rental price per room – Full cost of a room = $45 – $30 = $15 Markup percentage as a fraction of full cost = $15 ? $30 = 50% 2. If price is reduced by 10%, the number of rooms Beck could rent would increase by 10%. The new price per room would be 90% of $45 $ 40. 50 The number of rooms Beck expects to rent is 110% of 15,000 16,500 The contribution margin per room would be $40. 50 – $5$ 35. 50 Contribution margin ($35. 50 ( 16,500)$585,750 Because the contribution margin of $585,750 at the reduced price of $40. 50 is less than the contribution margin of $600,000 at a price of $45, Blodgett should not reduce the price of the rooms. Note that the fixed costs of $375,000 will be the same under the $45 and the $40. 50 price alternatives and hence, are irrelevant to the analysis. 12-24(20(25 min. )Cost-plus, target pricing, working backwards. 1. Investment$8,400,000 Return on investment18% Operating income (18% ( $8,400,000)$1,512,000 Operating income per unit of XR500 ($1,512,000 ( 1,500)$1,008 Full cost per unit of XR500 (1,008 ? 0. 09)$11,200 Selling price (($11,200 + $1,008))$12,208 Markup percentage on variable cost ($1,008 ( $8,450)11. 93% Total fixed costs = (Full cost per unit – Variable cost per unit) ( Units sold = ($11,200 – $8,450) ( 1,500 units = $4,125,000 2. Contribution margin per unit = $12,208 – $8,450 = $3,758 Increase in sales = $10% ( 1,500 units = 150 units Increase in contribution margin = $3,758 ( 150 units =$563,700 Less: Advertising costs 500,000 Increase in operating income$ 63,700 Road Warrior should spend $500,000 in advertising because it increases operating income by $63,700. 3. |Revenues ($12,208 ? 1,400 units) |$17,091,200 | |Target full cost at 9% markup ($17,091,200 ? 1. 9) |$15,680,000 | |Less: Target total fixed costs ($4,125,000 – $125,000) | 4,000,000 | |Target total variable costs |$11,680,000 | |Divided by number of units | ? 1,400 units | |Target variable cost per unit |$ 8,342. 86 | 12-25(20 min. ) Life-cycle product costing. 1. [pic] Contribution margin per unit = Selling price – Variable cost per unit = $50 – $25 = $25 |Total fixed costs over |= |Design fixed costs |+ |Production fixed |+ |Marketing and distribution | |life of robot | | | |costs | |fixed costs | = $650,000 + $3,560,000 + $2,225,000 = $6,435,000 BEP in units = [pic] 2a. Option A: |Revenues ($50 [pic] 500,000 units) |$25,000,000 | |Variable costs ($25 [pic] 500,000 units) |12,500,000 | |Fixed costs | 6,435,000 | |Operating income |$ 6,065,000 | 2b. Option B: Revenues | | | Year 2 ($70 [pic] 100,000 units) |$ 7,000,000 | | Years 3 4 ($40[pic]600,000 units) | 24,000,000 | | Total revenues |31,000,000 | |Variable costs ($25 [pic] 700,000 units) |17,500,000 | |Fixed costs | 6,435,000 | |Operating income |$ 7,065,000 | Over the product’s life-cycle, Option B results in an overall higher operating income of $1,000,000 ($7,065,000 – $6,065,000). 12-26(30 min. )Relevant-cost approach to pricing decisions. |1. Revenues (1,000 c rates at $117 per crate) | |$117,000 | | |Variable costs: | | | | | Manufacturing |$35,000 | | | | Marketing | 17,000 | | | | Total variable costs | | 52,000 | | |Contribution margin | |65,000 | | |Fixed costs: | | | | | Manufacturing |$30,000 | | | | Marketing | 13,000 | | | | Total fixed costs | | 43,000 | | |Operating income | |$ 22,000 | Normal markup percentage: $65,000 ? $52,000 = 125% of total variable costs. 2. Only the manufacturing-cost category is relevant to considering this special order; no additional marketing costs will be incurred. Variable manufacturing cost per crate = $35,000 ? 1,000 crates = $35 per crate. The relevant manufacturing costs for the 200-crate special order are: Variable manufacturing cost per unit $35 ( 200 crates$ 7,000 Special packaging 3,000 Relevant manufacturing costs$10,000 Any price above $50 per crate ($10,000 ? 200) will make a positive contribution to operating income. Therefore, based on financial considerations, Stardom should accept the 200-crate special order at $55 per crate that will generate revenues of $11,000 ($55 ( 200) and relevant (incremental) costs of $10,000. The reasoning based on a comparison of $55 per crate price with the $65 per crate absorption cost ignores monthly cost-volume-profit relationships. The $65 per crate absorption cost includes a $30 per crate cost component that is irrelevant to the special order. The relevant range for the fixed manufacturing costs is from 500 to 2,000 crates per month; the special order will increase production from 1,000 to 1,200 crates per month. Furthermore, the special order requires no incremental marketing costs. 3. If the new customer is likely to remain in business, Burst should consider whether a strictly short-run focus is appropriate. For example, what is the likelihood of demand from other customers increasing over time? If Burst accepts the 200-crate special offer for more than one month, it may preclude accepting other customers at prices exceeding $55 per crate. Moreover, the existing customers may learn about Burst’s willingness to set a price based on variable cost plus a small contribution margin. The longer the time frame over which Burst keeps selling 200 crates of canned peaches at $55 a crate, the more likely it is that existing customers will approach Burst for their own special price reductions. If the new customer wants the contract to extend over a longer time period, Burst should negotiate a higher price. 12-27(25–30 min. )Considerations other than cost in pricing decisions. 1. |Guest nights on weeknights: | | |18 weeknights ? 100 rooms ? 0% = 1,620 | | |Guest nights on weekend nights: | | |12 weekend nights ? 100 rooms ? 20% = 240 | | |Total guest nights in April = 1,620 + 240 = 1,860 | | |Breakfasts served: | | |1,620 weeknight guest nights ? 1. 0 = 1,620 | | | 240 weekend guest nights ? 2. = 600 | | |Total breakfasts served in April = 1,620 + 600 = 2,220 | | |Total costs for April: | | |Depreciation |$ 20,000 | |Administrative costs |35,000 | |Fixed housekeeping and supplies |12,000 | |Variable housekeeping and supplies (1,860 ? $25) |46,500 | |Fixed breakfast costs |5,000 | |Variable breakfast costs (2,220 ? 5) | 11,100 | |Total costs for April |$129,600 | |Cost per guest night ($129,600 ? 1,860) |$69. 68 | |Revenue for April ($68 ? 1,860) |$126,480 | |Total costs for April | 129,600 | |Operating income/(loss) |$ (3,120) | 2. |New weeknight guest nights | | |18 weeknights ? 100 rooms ? 5% = 1,530 | | |New weekend guest nights | | |12 weeknights ? 100 rooms ? 50% = 600 | | |Total guest nights in April = 1,530 + 600 = 2,130 | | |Breakfasts served: | | |1,530 weeknight guest nights ? 1. 0 = 1,530 | | | 600 weekend guest nights ? 2. = 1,500 | | |Total breakfasts served in April = 1,530 + 1,500 = 3,030 | | |Total costs for April: | | |Depreciation |$20,000 | |Administrative costs |35,000 | |Fixed housekeeping and supplies |12,000 | |Variable housekeeping and supplies (2,130 ? $25) |53 ,250 | |Fixed breakfast costs |5,000 | |Variable breakfast costs (3,030 ? $5) | 15,150 | |Total costs |$140,400 | |Revenue [(1,530 ? $80) + (600 ? 50)] |$152,400 | |Total costs for April | 140,400 | |Operating income |$ 12,000 | Yes, this pricing arrangement would increase operating income by $15,120 from an operating loss of $3,120 to an operating income of $12,000 ($12,000 + $3,120 = $15,120). 3. The weeknight guests are business travelers who have to stay at the hotel on weeknights to conduct business for their organizations. They are probably not paying personally for their hotel stays, and they are more interested in the hotel’s location in the business park than the price of the stay, as long as it is reasonable. The demand of business travelers is inelastic. In contrast, the weekend guests are families who are staying at the hotel for pleasure and are paying for the hotel from their personal incomes. They are willing to consider other hotel options or even not travel at all if the price is high and unaffordable. The demand of pleasure travelers is elastic. Because of the differences in preferences of the weeknight and weekend guests, Executive Suites can price discriminate between these guests by charging $30 more on weeknights than on weekends and still have weeknight travelers stay at the hotel. 4. Executive Suites would need to charge a minimum of $35 per night for the last-minute rooms, an amount equal to the variable cost per room. Variable cost per room night = $25 per room night + $5 ? breakfasts = $35. Any price above $35 would increase Executive Suites operating income. 12-28 (25 min. ) Cost-plus, target pricing, working backward. 1. In the following table, work backwards from operating income to calculate the selling price |Sel ling price |$ 10. 14 (plug) | |Less: Variable cost per unit | 3. 75 | |Unit contribution margin |$ 6. 39 | |Number of units produced and sold | ? 00,000 units | |Contribution margin |$3,195,000 | |Less: Fixed costs | 3,000,000 | |Operating income |$ 195,000 | a)Total sales revenue = $10. 14 [pic] 500,000 units = $5,070,000 b)Selling price = $10. 14 (from above) Alternatively, |Operating income |$ 195,000 | |Add fixed costs | 3,000,000 | |Contribution margin |3,195,000 | |Add variable costs ($3. 75 ? 500,000 units) | 1,875,000 | |Sales revenue |$5,070,000 | [pic] )Rate of return on investment = [pic] d)Markup % on full cost Total cost = ($3. 75 [pic] 500,000 units) + $3,000,000 = $4,875,000 Unit cost = [pic] Markup % = [pic] Or [pic] |2. |New fixed costs |=$3,000,000 – $200,000 = $2,800,000 | | |New variable costs |= $3. 75 – $0. 60 = $3. 15 | | |New total costs |= ($3. 15 ? 500,000 units) + $2,800,000 = $4,375,000 | | |New total sales (5% markup) |= $4,375,000 [pi c] 1. 4 = $4,550,000 | | |New selling price |= $4,550,000 ? 500,000 units = $9. 10 | | |Alternatively, | | | |New unit cost |= $4,375,000 ? 500,000 units = $8. 75 | | |New selling price |= $8. 75 [pic] 1. 04 = $9. 10 | |3. |New units sold = 500,000 units ? 90% = $450,000 units | Budgeted Operating Income | |for the Year Ending December 31, 20xx | |Revenues ($9. 10 [pic] 450,000 units) |$4,095,000 | |Variable costs ($3. 15 [pic] 450,000 units) | 1,417,500 | |Contribution margin |2,677,500 | |Fixed costs | 2,800,000 | |Operating income (loss) |$ (122,500) | 12-29(40–45 min. ) Target prices, target costs, value engineering, cost incurrence, locked-in cost, activity-based costing. 1. |Old CE100 | |New CE100 | | | |Cost Change | | |Direct materials costs |$182,000 |$2. 20 [pic] 7,000 = $15,400 less |$166,600 | |Direct manufacturing labor costs |28,000 |$0. 50 [pic] 7,000 = $3,500 less |24,500 | |Machining costs |31,500 |Unchanged because capacity same |31,500 | |Testing costs |3 5,000 |(20% [pic] 2. 5 [pic] 7,000) ? 2 = $7,000 |28,000 | |Rework costs |14,000 |(See Note 1) |5,600 | |Ordering costs |3,360 |(See Note 2) |2,100 | |Engineering costs |21,140 |Unchanged because capacity same |21,140 | |Total manufacturing costs |$315,000 | |$279,440 | Note 1: 10% of old CE100s are reworked. That is, 700 (10% of 7,000) CE100s made are reworked. Rework costs = $20 per unit reworked ( 700 = $14,000. If rework falls to 4% of New CE100s manufactured, 280 (4% of 7,000) New CE100s manufactured will require rework. Rework costs = $20 per unit ( 280 = $5,600. Note 2 : Ordering costs for New CE100 = 2 orders/month ( 50 components ( $21/order = $2,100 Unit manufacturing costs of New CE100 = $279,440 ? 7,000 = $39. 92 2. Total manufacturing cost reductions based on new design= $315,000 – $279,440 = $35,560 Reduction in unit manufacturing costs based on new design= $35,560 ? 7,000 = $5. 08 per unit. The reduction in unit manufacturing costs based on the new design can also be calculated as Unit cost of old design, $45 ($315,000 ? 7,000 units) – Unit cost of new design, $39. 92 = $5. 08 Therefore, the target cost reduction of $6 per unit is not achieved by the redesign. 3. Changes in design have a considerably larger impact on costs per unit relative to improvements in manufacturing efficiency ($5. 08 versus $1. 50). One explanation is that many costs are locked in once the design of the radio-cassette is completed. Improvements in manufacturing efficiency cannot reduce many of these costs. Design choices can influence many direct and overhead cost categories, for example, by reducing direct materials requirements, by reducing defects requiring rework, and by designing in fewer components that translate into fewer orders placed and lower ordering costs. 12-30(25 min. )Cost-plus, target return on investment pricing. 1. Target operating income = Return on capital in dollars = $13,000,000[pic]10% = $1,300,000 2. |Revenues* |$6,000,000 | |Variable costs [($3. 50 + $1. 0)[pic]500,000 cases | 2,500,000 | |Contribution margin |3,500,000 | |Fixed costs ($1,000,000 + $700,000 + $500,000) | 2,200,000 | |Operating income (from requirement 1) |$1,300,000 | * solve backwards for revenues Selling price = [pic]$12 per case. Markup % on full cost Full cost = $2,500,000 + $2,200,000 = $4,700,000 Unit cost = $4,70 0,000 ? 500,000 cases = $9. 40 per case Markup % on full cost = [pic]27. 66% 3. Budgeted Operating Income | |For the year ending December 31, 20xx | |Revenues ($14 [pic] 475,000 cases*) |$6,650,000 | |Variable costs ($5 [pic] 475,000 cases) | 2,375,000 | |Contribution margin |4,275,000 | |Fixed costs | 2,200,000 | |Operating income |$2,075,000 | *New units = 500,000 cases[pic]95% = 475,000 cases Return on investment = [pic]15. 96% Yes, increasing the selling price is a good idea because operating income increases without increasing invested capital, which results in a higher return on investment. The new return on investment exceeds the 10% target return on investment. 12-31(20 min. )Cost-plus, time and materials, ethics. 1. As shown in the table below, Garrison will tell Briggs that she will have to pay $460 to get the air conditioning system repaired and $440 to get it replaced. |COST |Labor |Materials |Total Cost | |Repair option (5 hrs. [pic] $30 per hr. $100) |$150 |$100 |$250 | |Replace option (2 hrs. [pic] $30 per hr. ; $200) | 60 | 200 | 260 | |   | | |   | |PRICE (100% markup on labor cost; 60% markup on materials) |Labor |Materials |Total Price | |Repair option ($150 [pic] 2; $100 [pic] 1. 6) |$300 |$160 |$460 | |Replace option ($60 [pic] 2; $200 [pic] 1. 6) | 120 | 320 | 440 | 2. If the repair and replace options are equally effective, Briggs will choose to get the air conditioning system replaced for $440 (rather than spend $460 on repairing it). 3. RC Mechanical will earn a greater contribution toward overhead in the repair option ($210 = $460 – $250) than in the replace option ($180 = $440 – $260). Therefore, Garrison will recommend the repair option to Briggs which is not the one she would prefer. Recognizing this conflict, Garrison may even present only the repair option to Ashley Briggs. Of course, he runs the risk of Briggs walking away and thinking of other options (at which point, he could present the replace option as a compromise). The problem is hat Garrison has superior information about the repairs needed but his incentives may cause him to not reveal his information and instead use it to his advantage. It is only the seller’s desire to build a reputation, to have a long-term relationship with the customer, and to have the c ustomer recommend the seller to other potential buyers of the service that encourages an honest discussion of the options. The ethical course of action would be to honestly present both options to Briggs and have her choose. To have their employees act ethically, organizations do not reward employees on the basis of the profits earned on various jobs. They also develop codes of conduct and core values and beliefs that specify appropriate and inappropriate behaviors. 12-32(25 min. )Cost-plus and market-based pricing. 1. California Temps’ full cost per hour of supplying contract labor is Variable costs$13 Fixed costs ($168,000 ? 84,000 hours) 2 Full cost per hour$15 Price per hour at full cost plus 20% = $15 ( 1. 20 = $18 per hour. 2. Contribution margins for different prices and demand realizations are as follows: | | |Contribution Margin per | | | | |Variable Cost per Hour |Hour |Demand in Hours |Total Contribution | |Price per Hour |(2) |(3) = (1) – (2) |(4) |(5) = (3) ? 4) | |(1) | | | | | |$16 |$13 |$3 |124,000 |$372,000 | |17 |13 |4 |104,000 |416,000 | |18 |13 |5 |84,000 |420,000 | |19 |13 |6 |74,000 |444,000 | |20 |13 |7 |61,000 |427,000 | Fixed costs will remain the same regardless of the demand realizations. Fixed costs are, therefore, irrelevant since they do not differ among the alternatives. The table above indicates that California Temps can maximize contribution margin ($444,000) and operating income by charging a price of $19 per hour. 3. The cost-plus approach to pricing in requirement 1 does not explicitly consider the effect of prices on demand. The approach in requirement 2 models the interaction between price and demand and determines the optimal level of profitability using concepts of relevant costs. The two different approaches lead to two different prices in requirements 1 and 2. As the chapter describes, pricing decisions should consider both demand or market considerations and supply or cost factors. The approach in requirement 2 is the more balanced approach. In most cases, of course, managers use the cost-plus method of requirement 1 as only a starting point. They then modify the cost-plus price on the basis of market considerations—anticipated customer reaction to alternative price levels and the prices charged by competitors for similar products. 12-33Cost-plus and market-based pricing. 1. Single rate = [pic] $11. 91 per test-hour (TH) Hourly billing rate for HTT and ACT = $11. 91[pic]1. 45 = $17. 27 2. Labor and supervision = [pic]= $4. 64 per test-hour Setup and facility costs = [pic]= $503. 275 per setup-hour Utilities = [pic]= $36. 80 per machine-hour (MH) 3. |HTT |ACT |Total | |Labor and supervision |$295,104 |$196,736 |$ 491,840 | |($4. 64? 63, 600; 42,400 test-hours)1 | | | | |Setup and facility cost |100,655 |301,965 |402,620 | |($503. 275? 200; 600 setup-hours)2 | | | | |Utilities | 184,000 | | | |($36. 80? ,000; 5,000 machine-hours)3 | |184,000 |368,000 | |To tal cost |$579,759 |$682,701 |$1,262,460 | |Number of testing hours (TH) |? 63,600 TH |? 42,400 TH | | |Cost per testing hour |$9. 12 per TH |$ 16. 10 per TH | | |Mark-up | ? 1. 45 | ? 1. 5 | | |Billing rate per testing hour |$ 13. 22 per TH |$ 23. 35 per TH | | | | | | | 1106,000 test-hours [pic] 60% = 63,600 test-hours; 106,000 test-hours[pic]40% = 42,400 test-hours 2800 setup-hours ? 25% = 200 setup-hours; 800 setup-hours ? 75% = 600 setup-hours 310,000 machine-hours ? 50% = 5,000 machine-hours; 10,000 machine-hours ? 50% = 5,000 machine-hours The billing rates based on the activity-based cost structure make more sense. These billing rates reflect the ways the testing procedures consume the firm’s resources. 4. To stay competitive, Best Test needs to be more efficient in arctic testing. Roughly 44% of arctic testing’s total cost [pic] occurs in setups and facility costs. Perhaps the setup activity can be redesigned to achieve cost savings. Best Test should also look for savings in the labor and supervision cost per test-hour and the total number of test-hours used in arctic testing, as well as the utility cost per machine-hour and the total number of machine hours used in arctic testing. This may require redesigning the test, redesigning processes, and achieving efficiency and productivity improvements. 12-34(25–30 min. )Life-cycle costing. 1. Total Project Life-Cycle Costs | |Variable costs: | | | Metal extraction and processing ($100 per ton ? 50,000 tons) |$5,000,000 | |Fixed costs: | | | Metal extraction and processing ($4,000 ? 24 months) |96,000 | | Rent on temporary buil dings ($2,000 ? 7 months) |54,000 | | Administration ($5,000 ? 27 months) |135,000 | | Clean-up ($30,000 ? 3 months) |90,000 | | Land restoration |475,000 | | Selling land | 150,000 | |Total life-cycle cost |$6,000,000 | 2. Projected Life Cycle Income Statement | |Revenue ($150 per ton [pic] 50,000 tons) |$7,500,000 | |Sale of land (plug after inputting other numbers) |500,000 | |Total life-cycle cost | (6,000,000) | |Life-cycle operating income ($40 per ton ? 50,000 tons) |$2,000,000 | Mark-up percentage on project life-cycle cost = [pic] [pic] = 33? % 3. |Revenue ($140 per ton [pic] 50,000 tons) |$7,000,000 | |Sale of land | 400,000 | |Total revenue |$7,400,000 | |Total life-cycle cost at mark-up of 33? % |$5,550,000 | |($7,400,000 ? 1. 33333) | | |New Life would need to reduce total life-cycle costs by |$ 450,000 | |($6,000,000 – $5,550,000) | | |Check | | |Revenue |$7,000,000 | |Sale of land |400,000 | |Total life-cycle cost |(5,550,000) | |Life-cycle operating income |$1,850,000 | |Mark-up percentage = [pic]= 33? | | 12-35  (30 min. ) Airline pricing, considerations other than cost in pricing. 1. If the fare is $500, a. Air Eagle would expect to have 200 business and 100 pleasure travelers. b. Variable costs per passenger would be $65. c. Contribution margin per passenger = $500 – $65 = $435. If the fare is $2,100, a. Air Eagle would expect to have 180 business and 20 pleasure travelers. b. Variable costs per passenger would be $175. c. Contribution margin per passenger = $2,100 – $175 = $1,925. Contribution margin from business travelers at prices of $500 and $2,100, respectively, follow: At a price of $500: $435 ? 200 passengers = $ 87,000 At a price of $2,100: $1,925 ? 180 passengers= $346,500 Air Eagle would maximize contribution margin and operating income by charging business travelers a fare of $2,100. Contribution margin from pleasure travelers at prices of $500 and $2,100, respectively, follow: At a price of $500: $435 ? 100 passengers= $43,500 At a price of $2,100: $1,925 ? 20 passengers= $38,500 Air Eagle would maximize contribution margin and operating income by charging pleasure travelers a fare of $500. Air Eagle would maximize contribution margin and operating income by a price differentiation strategy, where business travelers are charged $2,100 and pleasure travelers $500. In deciding between the alternative prices, all other costs such as fuel costs, allocated annual lease costs, allocated ground services costs, and allocated flight crew salaries are irrelevant. Why? Because these costs will not change whatever price Air Eagle chooses t How to cite Variable Cost and Contribution Margin, Essay examples